Moreover, the Epan at Patras University station (semiurban, low elevation) exhibited an upward trend resembling the trends of the empirical methods over the study years, whereas the Epan at Ladonas station (higher elevation, lakeside) required investigation on a monthly time scale. Therefore, the modified Turc method can be used as an alternative to MODIS ET (and vice versa) for the Peloponnese for 2016–2019.
The estimates by the modified Turc method were almost identical to MODIS ET. The outcomes of the Turc method resembled MODIS ET ranges for all years, followed by those of Coutagne. The empirical methods and statistical formulae (RMSD, MB, and NMB) were developed as models in ArcMap. Furthermore, measurements of annual pan evaporation (Epan) were performed for two Class A pan stations in the Peloponnese with different reliefs and conditions. This study aimed to estimate annual ETa by empirical methods (Turc, modified Turc, and Coutagne) for the Peloponnese, Greece, a Mediterranean testbed, between 2016–2019, four of the warmest years since the preindustrial era, and compare them to MODIS ET. Actual evapotranspiration (ETa) has been insufficiently investigated in Greece.
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